1. To systematically synthesise the process evaluations of randomised controlled trials (RCT) of DPIs for women with current or history of GDM stratified by those that have a digital component versus those that are only face-to-face in order to understand the strengths and limitations in contributing to effectiveness (Study 1a).

Publication: Mohd Sa’id, I. I., Papachristou Nadal, I., Forbes, A., Goldsmith, K., Ismail, I. Z., Hassan, F., Ching, S. M., Guess, N., Murphy, H., Prina, M., Mohd Yusoff, B. N., Basri, N. I., Binti Salim, M. S., Mahamad Sobri, N. H., Har Yap, P. P., Ismail, K., & Chew, B. H. (2021). A Protocol of Process Evaluations of Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211034010

2. To qualitatively describe the different in

• implementation processes (reach, format of delivery, fidelity)
• nature of content
• mechanisms or theory of action
• impact of the cultural, social, religious contexts, in order to identify those processes that are more likely to be effective (study 1a)

Publication: Sobri NHM, Ismail IZ, Hassan F, Papachristou Nadal I, Forbes A, Ching SM, Ali H, Goldsmith K, Murphy H, Guess N, Mohd Yusof BN, Basri NI, Salim MS, Azmiyaty C, Mohd Sa’id II, Chew BH, Ismail K; MYGODDESS Project Team. Protocol for a qualitative study exploring the perception of need, importance and acceptability of a digital diabetes prevention intervention for women with gestational diabetes mellitus during and after pregnancy in Malaysia (Explore-MYGODDESS). BMJ Open. 2021 Aug 26;11(8):e044878. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044878. PMID: 34446477; PMCID: PMC8395347.

3. To inform the development of the logic model which outlines the key aspects of our new DPI (study 1a)

4. To explore perceptions of need, importance and acceptability of DPIs from the perspective of women with GDM (study1b)

5. To describe the barriers and facilitators to uptake of DPI from

• the Malaysian woman with GDM and
• healthcare provider perspectives (study 1b)

6. To generate solutions for optimising the processes in a digitalised DPI for GDM (study 1b)

7. To integrate the findings from Study 1a and Study 1b in order to model and finalise a manualised digitalized DPI for Malaysian women with GDM (study 1c)

8. To develop the MYGODDESS interactive smartphone app with the aim of supporting culturally appropriate lifestyle changes in the context of motherhood for women with GDM (Study 1d).

9. To conduct a feasibility randomized controlled trial (study 2) to

• describe the screening, recruitment and data collection methods and rates
• estimate the statistical parameters to inform sample size the calculation for full-scale RCT
• conduct a process evaluation to identify mechanisms of action, the extent of reach, implementation methods to optimise these for the full-scale intervention.

10. Develop a protocol for a full scale definitive effective RCT of the DPI

This project is funded by the Ministry of Education Malaysia through the MyPAiR (Malaysia Partnership & Alliances in Research) programme and the UK’s Medical Research Council that have jointly created the MyPAiR-Non-communicable Disease Year 2019 research grant for providing the funding for this study